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16.2 ³Q°Êªº³yºc±±¨î ( Passive tectonic controls )
¤ô¨t§ÎºA ( Drainage patterns )¤ô¨t§ÎºA¨ü¨ì«Ü¦h¦]¯À¼vÅT¡A¥]¬A®ðÔ¡B©¥©ÊÅܼơA¦ý¦a½èºc³y¬O³Ì«nªº¦]¯À¡C¤ô¨t§ÎºA¬O¦p¦¹ÅãµÛ¦a¨ü¨ì³Q°Ê³yºc±±¨îªº¼vÅT¡A¥HP©ó¤ô¨t§ÎºA¥»¨±`À³¥Î¦b§PŪ¯èªÅ¬Û¤ù¤Î½Ã¬P¼v¹³µ¥¸ê®Æ®É¡A§@¬°Âç²M¦a½èºc³yªº°ò¦¡C
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¾ðªKª¬ªº( dendritic )Ãþ«¬¬O¥Î¨Ó°µ©Mºc³y¦³Ãöªº¤ô¨t§ÎºAªº¤ñ¸û°ò¦¡C³oºØ¤ô¨t¬O¥Ñ¤£³W«h¤ä¬y§Î¦¨¹³¾ð¤@¼Ëªº§ÎºA¡A¤ä¬y¥H¤£¦Pªº¨¤«×¬Û·|¡A¦ý¬O³q±`»·¤p©ó90o¡C¾ðªKª¬¤ô¨tµo®i¦b¨S¦³ÅãµÛ©¥©Ê©Îºc³y±±¨î¼vÅTªº¦a°Ï¡C¥¦Ì³q±`¥X²{¦b¤ô¥ªº©Î´Xªñ©ó¤ô¥ªº¨H¿n©¥¼h©Î¥¨¤jªº¤õ¦¨©¥¼h°Ï¡C¥¦Ì¤]¥i¯à·|¥X²{¦b½ÆÂøªºÁ·½K©¥¼h©Î§á¦±Åܽ誺©¥¼h¡A¦ý¬O±q©è§Ü·¤Æ©M«I»kªº¯à¤O¨Ó¬Ý¡A¥¦Ì©¥©ÊªºÅܤÆÁÙ¤£¨¬¥H§ïÅܾðªKª¬ªº§ÎºA¡C
¦b¨H¿n©¥¶É±×ªº¦a°Ï¡A¥i¯à·|¦³¤@¨t¦C¬Û¹ï¸û®z©Î¸ûµwªº©¥©ÊÅS¥X¡Cªe¹D¤U¤Á¦b§Ü¤O¸û®zªº©¥©Ê³B¸û¬°¬¡ÅD¡A¦Ó¾ÉP¨«¦Vªe¨¦( strike valley )ªºµo®i¡]¹Ï16.2¡^¡A¨ä¤W©Y³B¬°¶¶¦V©Y¡]dip slope¡A¹Ï¤¤¨«¦Vªe¤§¥ª°¼¡^¦Ó¤U©Y³B¬°Â_±V¡]¹Ï¤¤¨«¦Vªe¤§¥k°¼¡^¡C³o´N³y¦¨®æ¤lª¬(trellis)ªº¤ô¨t§ÎºA ¡Ð µuªº¶¶¦Vªe( dip streams )©Î°f¦Vªe( anti-dip streams )¥H¤j¨¤«×³s±µ¤jP¥¦æªº¨«¦Vªe¨¦¡]¹Ï16.3¡^¡C·í³oÓªe¬y¨t²Î¦V¤U¤Á³Î¡A¥¦¤]·|°¼¦V²¾°Ê¡A³oÓ¹Lµ{¥s°µ¦P±×²¾°Ê( homoclinal shifting )¡C³o¬O¥Ñ©ó¨«¦Vªe¬OªuµÛ¦V¤U¶É±×ªº³n®z©¥¥Ûµo®i¡A¦Ó¥[±j¤F¨«¦V¨¦ªº¤£¹ïºÙ©Ê¡A³o¥i©úÅã¥Ñ¤Ï¦V¤ä¬y¤ñ¶¶¦Vªeµu¦Ó±oÃÒ¡C
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( stress field )¦³Ãö¡A´N¬O»P©¥¥Û°é( lithosphere )ªñ´ÁªºÀ£¤O§ÎºA¦³Ãö¡]·s´Á³yºc§@¥ÎÀ£¤O³õ( neotectonic stress field )¡^¡A±q³Ì¼sªº¤Ø«×¨Ó»¡¤]©M¦a´ß³yºc§@¥Î¦³Ãö¡C¨Ò¦p¡Aªø¤[¥H¨Ó´N¦³ª§½×·ç¤hªºªe¨¦µo®iÁͶլO»P¥D°Êªº³yºc±±¨î¦³Ãö¡A©ÎªÌ¥¦Ì¥u¬O¥Nªí³Ìªì¦b¤¤·s¥@®Éµo®i¦b¦V¥_©¹¥ý¦¨ªº( ancestral )µÜ¦]ªe¶É±×ªº©Y±¤W¤§¤ô¨tªº´Ý¸ñ¡C²Îp¤ÀªR«ü¥X¡Aªe¨¦¤è¦ìªº«DÀH·N¤À§G¤jP²Å¦X¥Dn¸`²z¤è¦V¡A©Ò¥H¹ï¤ô¨t§ÎºA¦³±j¦³¤Oªº³yºc±±¨î¡q¹Ï16.6¡r¡C¦b¥@¬É³\¦h¨ä¥L¦U¦aªº¬ã¨s¤w®i²{¤ô¨t¤è¦ì¤ÎÀ£¤O³õ¤§¶¡ªº²Å¦X©Ê¡A³oºØ³yºc±±¨î¦ü¥G¤]©µ¦ù¨ì¬Y¨Ç¦Bªe¨¦¤¤¡C¦b¦è¥_¼Ú¦³¤@ÓÃö©óµõ±©M¸`²z¨t²Î¤Î¤ô¨t¤§Ãö«Yªº¦³½ì¨Ò¤l¡C¦b^®æÄõ«n³¡¤Îªk°ê¥_³¡±ß¥Õ°î¬ö©M¾å·s¥@( Paleogene )¦a¼h¤@Ó¤j¤Ø«×¦è¥_¨«¦Vªºµõ±¨t²Î¡AÅãµM¬O¥Ñ»Pªüº¸¨õ´µ¤s¦b·s²Ä¤T¬ö( Neogene )©M²Ä¥|¬ö( Quaternary )©¥¥Û°éÀ½À£¶¥¬q¦³ÃöªºÀ£¤O³õ©Ò³Ð³y¡C¦bªk°ê¥_³¡¡Aµõ±©M¸`²z¨t²Î»P¯x§Î¤ô¨t¤@P¡CµM¦Ó¡A¦b^®æÄõ«n³¡¨S¦³¹³³o¼Ë©úÅ㪺¬ÛÃö¡A«Ü¥i¯à¬O¦]¬°ªe¹Dªº¤è¦ì¨ü¨ì¨ä¥L¦a¤è©Êªºµõ±¨t²Î¼vÅT§ó¤j¡A¦Ó¦¹¦a¤è©Ê¨t²Î¶É¦V©ó©M¥Dnªº¦è¥_¨«¦Vªºµõ±¨t²Î±×¥æ¡C
·s´Á³yºc§@¥ÎÀ£¤O³õ©M¤ô¨t§ÎºA¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y¦b¤j¤Ø«×©Î¥¨¤j¤Ø«×¤W³Ì©úÅã¡A¦b¤p¤Ø«×¤W¦a¤è©Ê±±¨î¹ï¸`²z¨t²Î¸û¦ûÀu¶Õ¡C«nªº¬O¡A¥ô¦ó¤@Ó¤j¤Ø«×©Î¥¨¤j¤Ø«×ªº¤ô¨t§ÎºA°¾Â÷ÀH¾÷ªº¡]¾ðªKª¬¡^¤ô¨t§ÎºA®É¡A³£À³¸Ó¤Þ¾É§Ú̦ܤ֥h«ä¦Ò³yºc±±¨îªº¥i¯à©Ê¡C¡]ÁöµM¹³¹ª¥C¯á( drumlins )©M¨F¥C¯á( dune ridge )µ¥¨H¿n¦a§Î¡A¤]·|¹ï¤ô¨t§ÎºAªº«DÀH¾÷©Ê¦³«nªº¼vÅT¡C¡^
ªe¤tŧ¹Ü ( River capture )¤ô¨tµo®i¨ü¨ìºc³y±±¨îªº¤@Ó«n§@¥Î¬Oªe¤tŧ¹Ü¡]©ÎºÙstream piracy¡^¡]n±j½Õªº¬O¨S¦³³oºØ±±¨î®É³oºØ§@¥Î¤]·|µo¥Í¡^¡Cªe¤tŧ¹Üµo¥Í¦b¤@±øªe¬y¤ñ¨ä¾Fªñªºªe¬y§ó¨ã«I²¤©Ê®É¡A«eªÌ¤ÁÂ_«áªÌªºªe¹D¨ÃºI¨ú¥¦ªº¬y¶q¡Cŧ¹Üªeªº«I»k³t²v¸û§Ö¤]³\¬O¦]¬°¥¦ªº©Y°¸û°~¡A©ÎªÌ¥¦¹ê»Ú¤W¬O¦b§Ü¤O¸û®zªº©¥¼h¤W«I»k¡A©ÎªÌ¬O¤Wzì¦]ªººî¦X¡]¹Ï16.7¡^¡C¦b¤j¤Ø«×®É¡A¥t¤@Ó¥i¯àì¦]¬O¤sÁå( mountain chain )¨â°¼°¤ô³W¼Òªº®t²§¡A¦ì¦b¸ûÀã¼í°¼¤§°ª¬y¶qªºªe¬y¦V¸û¤£Àã¼íªº¨º¤@±Å§¹Ü¡C
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¥t¤@Ó¹ï¾îÂ_¬y°ìªº¸ÑÄÀ¬O¡u¥ý¦¨¡v( antecedence )¡C³oÓ·§©À¦b³o¸Ì«üªº¬Oªe¬y¤ñ¤s¯ß±aªº©ï¤É¥ý¦s¦b¡A¦Ó¥BÀHµÛ¤s¯ß©ï¤Éªe¬y¯à«O«ù¥R¨¬«I»k¤O»P¤W¤É²v¬Û§Ü¿Å¡A³Ì«á¾î¤Á¤s¯ß¡C¡u¥ý¦¨¡v¬O³Ì±`³Q¥Î¨Ó¸ÑÄÀ¥@¬É¤W³\¦h·s¥Í¥N³y¤s±aªº¾îÂ_¤ô¨tªº»¡ªk¡A¨Ò¦pªüº¸¨õ´µ¤s¡A³ß°¨©Ô¶®¤s¡A©M¦è¥_¬üªºCascade¤s¡C¦³§Q©ó³oÓ¾÷¨îªºÃÒ¾Ú¥]¬A»·Â÷¦ì¦bÅܧÎÂX±i±a¤§³Ì¥j¦Ñºc³y¤§¤ô¨tªº¤@¯ë¬y¦V ( Evidence favouring this mechanism includes the general direction of drainage away from the oldest structures in an expanding zone of deformation )¡C³oºØ¾÷¨îªº¤@ºØÅܧάO¤ô¨t©ÓÄ~( drainage inheritance )¡C³oºØ±¡ªp¥X²{¦b·í¤@Ó¦ì¦b¯Ê¥F¨I¿nª«Âл\¤§«I»k¦aªíªº¤ô¨tµo¥Í¦^¬K¡Aªe¬y¦V¤U«I»k¨ì¤U¥ñªººc³y¡A¦Ó¦¹ºc³y»P©ÓÄ~ªº¤ô¨t¨«¦V§e¤£¿Ó©MÃö«Y¡C
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·í§ÚÌÀ˵ø«D¬w¤j³°¥Dn¬y°ìªº±¿n°ª«×¿n¤À¦±½u( hypsometric curves )®É¡A¤j³°Ãä½t¤W¼¸°Ïªº¼vÅT´NÅܱo«D±`©úÅã(¹Ï16.23)¡C³Ì©úÅ㪺¬O¨C¤@Ó¬y°ì¤¤§C°ªµ{( low elevations )©Ò¦û±¿nªº¤ñ¨Ò«Ü¤p¡C³oÓ±¿n°ª«×¿n¤À¦±½uªº§Îª¬»P¦¨¼ô¬y°ìªº±¡§Î§e©úÅ㪺¹ï·Ó¡A«áªÌ§C°ªµ{¦a§Îªº±¿nÀ³¥eÁ`±¿n«Ü¤jªº¤ñ¨Ò¡Cn°O±o«D¬wªº¤ô¨t¦b©£¥Ë¯Ç¥j³°¤Àµõ«á¦³¶W¹L¤@»õ¦~ªº®É¶¡¨Óºt¨|¡C
¡@¡@ªe¹DªºÁa層]¤Þµo¤F¦³½ìªº°ÝÃD¡CªuµÛÂÄ¥ìªe¤¤´å¬ù2000¤½¨½ªºªe¬qªº©Y«×¥§¡¥u¦³0.05 m km-1¡AµM¦Ó±qª÷®L¨F¨ì±µªñªe¤fªº³Á¶ð}( Matadi )¡C·íªe¹D¬ï¹L¦bStanley Pool¦]«æ´ø§Î¦¨ªº¾E«æÂI®É¡A¥§¡©Y«×¼W¥[¶W¹L15¿¡A¹F¨ì0.78 m km-1¡A¨ä¥L«D¬wªe¬y¤]¦³«nªº¾E«æÂI¡A¹³¤T¤ñ¦èªe¤Wªººû¦h§Q¨ÈÂr¥¬©M¾ïªe¤WªºAugrabiesÂr¥¬(¹Ï16.24)¡C
¹ï³o¨Ç²§±`ªº±¿n°ª«×¦±½u¥H¤ÎÁa屪º¤@Ó¥i¯àªº¸ÑÄÀ¬O¡A¦bªñ´Áªº¹L¥h«D¬wªºÃä½t´¿¸g¾ú¹LÅãµÛªº©ï¤É¡A¤]³\¦b¤W·s¥@±ß´Á¨ì§ó·s¥@¡C³oÓÆ[ÂI½T¹ê³Q³\¦h¬ã¨sû¥H¤@ºØ©Î¨ä¥L§Î¦¡´£¥X¡A¦ý¬O¦a½è¤Î¦a§Î¤WªºÃҾڨëD§¹¥þ¤ä«ù¡A¦AªÌ¡A³o¤]«ÜÃø²Å¦X§ÚÌ©Òª¾¹Dªº³Q°Ê¡]¤j³°¡^Ãä½tªº©ï¤É¾÷¨î¡C¥¿¦p§Ú̦b²Ä¥|³¹©Ò¨£¡A³Q°ÊÃä½tªºÅãµÛ©ï¤É«Ü¥i¯à¤£¬O¥ß§Yµo¥Í¦b¤j³°±iµõ¤§«e(¦b¥D°Ê±iµõ¼Ò¦¡( active rifting model )¤¤¡AªÆ¥Cª¬ªº©ï¤É¥ý©ó±iµõ)¡A´N¬O¥ß§Y¦b¨ä¤§«á(¦b³Q°Ê±iµõ¼Ò¦¡( passive rifting model )¤¤¡A©ï¤É±iµõ³y¦¨ªºµ²ªG)¡C¦]¦¹¡A¹ï§Ṳ́µ¤é©Ò¬Ý¨ì¼vÅT¬y°ìªº¡]¤j³°¡^Ãä½t¤W¼¸ªº¥i¯à¸ÑÄÀ¥u³Ñ¤U¡u¦b³Q°Ê¡]¤j³°¡^Ãä½t¥X²{®É¡B©ÎªÌ¤§«áªº¼Æ¦Ê¸U¦~¶¡µo¥Íªº¡v¡C¦b¦h¼Æªº¨Ò¤l¤¤¡A¥ô¦ó«á¨Óªº¦aªí©ï¤É«Ü¥i¯à¤j³¡¤À³£¬O¨ü©ó¡]³o¨Ç³Q°ÊÃä½tªº©P³ò®ü©¤³vº¥³Q«I»k¤§¡^³Q°Ê¦a´ß§¡¿Å¸ÉÀv( passive isostatic compensation )¦³ÃöªºÅs¦±®ÄÀ³( flexible effect )¡C
¡@¡@³oÓ³Q°ÊÃä½t³yºc¹B°Ê¼Ò¦¡( model of passive margin tectonics )¥ß§Y¬°«D¬w¤j³¡¤À¦a°Ïªº¤ô¨tºt¨|´£¥X¤F¤@Ó¿E¶iªº´À¥N¼Ò¦¡¡C³oÓ¼Ò¦¡´£¥X³ò¶«D¬wÃä½tªº¤W¼¸«ÜÅãµM©µ¿ð¤F«D¬w¤j³°¤j³¡¤À¦a°Ï§¹¥þµo¨|¦¨¥~¬yªº¤ô¨t¡C¹ï¤µ¤éªº¤ô¨t§ÎºA³Ì¦nªº¸ÑÄÀ¬O¤º¬yªº¬y°ì³Q¤j³°Ãä½t¤W¼¸°Ï¤§®ü¬v°¼ªºªe¬y¤j³W¼ÒªºÅ§¹Ü¤F¡C³oÓÆ[ÂI¨Ã«D§¹¥þ¬O·sªº¡A¦]¬°ªuµÛ³o¼Ëªº«ä¸ô¥H«e´N´¿´£¥X¦hºØªº¸ÑÄÀ¡A¥]¬A¤@ª½¨ì¤¤·s¥@«D¬w¤j³¡¤À¬O¤º¬y¬y°ìªºÆ[ÂI(¹Ï16.25)¡C¤ô¨tŧ¹Ü¼Ò¦¡ªº¨ä¥Lª©¥»«h¥D±i¡]¦P·N¡^ŧ¹Ü¨Æ¥ó¸û¦µo¥Íªº¡Cªº½T¡A Stanley Pool«æ´ø©Ò¥Nªíªº¥Dn¾E«æÂI¥H¤Î¬y°ì¤¤¥¡³¡¤À·¥§Cªº©Y«×¡A³£«ØijÂÄ¥ì¬y°ì¦b¬Û·íªñ´Á¤~µo®i¬°¥~¬y¤ô¨t¡C§ó©¹«n¡A¦³¤@¨ÇÃÒ¾ÚÅã¥Ü¥j¥N¾ïªeªe¤fªº¦ì¸m¦³«¤jªº²¾°Ê¡A¥H¤Î¦b«D¬w«n³¡¬y¨ìªF³¡Ãä½tªºªe¬y¨t²Îªº²Õ´¦³À¸¼@©Êªº§ïÅÜ¡C
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ÁöµM¤j³W¼Òªº¬y°ìŧ¹Ü©|¥¼³QÃÒ¹ê¡A¦ý¬O¥¦½T¹ê²Å¦X·í«e³Q°ÊÃä½t³yºcºt¨|ªºÆ[ÂI¡C°w¹ï³oÓ¥DÃD»Ýn§ó¦hªº¬ã¨s¡A¦ý§Y¨Ï¬O²{¦b¤]¥i¯à´£¥X¤@Ó¥i«Hªº¡u¥¨¤j³W¼Ò¬y°ìŧ¹Ü¦p¦ó¶i¦æ¡vªº¼Ò¦¡¡C¡@¡@¹Ï16.27¬Oªí²{¤ô¨t¦b¤j³°±iµõ¤Î«á¨Óªº³Q°ÊÃä½t¤U¨I¹Lµ{¤¤¥i¯à¶¶§Çªº·§n¹Ï¡C³oÓ¼Ò¦¡°²©w©ï¤É¥ý©ó±iµõ¡A¦Ó¥B¤£¦Ò¼{ºc¨¦( aulacogen )ªº¥i¯àµo®i(°Ñ¨£4.5¸`³Q°ÊÃä½t³yºcºt¨|ªº»¡©ú)¡C³oÓ¼Ò¦¡¤]¯S§O«]©ó±iµõÃä½t¦Ó¤£¬O°Å¤ÁÃä½t( sheared margins )ªººt¨|¡C
¡@¡@¥t¤@Ó¦b³Q°ÊÃä½t¤ô¨tµo®i¥²¶·³Q¦Ò¼{ªº¦]¤l¬Oºc¨¦( aulacogens )ªº¨¤¦â¡A¦]¬°¥¦Ì¬O¤j³°¤ô¨tªº«nµJÂI¡C¯S§O«nªº¬O¥¦Ì¥i¥H¦b¤j³°±iµõ¤£¤[¤§«á¨³³t«Ø¥ß(¨Ò¦p:¥§¤éªe¤T¨¤¬w¥i¥H¦^·¹¨ì¤»¤d¸U¦~«e)¡A¦]¦¹¬°¤j³°¤ô¨t¬y¨ì·sµo¨|ªº®ü¬v´£¨Ñ¤F¤@Ó¦´Áªº¥X¤f¡Cºc¨¦( aulacogens )¹ï¤ô¨tµo®iªº¥i¯à¼vÅT¥H¤ÎªuµÛ³Q°ÊÃä½tªººc³yÅܤƩʪº¨ä¥Ln¯À³£¦b¹Ï16.28¤¤»¡©ú¡C¦¹¹Ï¬O¥H¦b²Ä¥|³¹¤¤°Q½×ªº³Q°ÊÃä½tµo®iªº¡u¥±Æ[ÂI¡v( plan view )¬°°ò¦ (µø¹Ï4.16)¡C
16.7.3
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( Variation in passive margin drainage evolution )
ÁöµM¦³¥i¯à±q³Q°ÊÃä½tªº³yºcºt¨|¨Ó¹w´ú¤ô¨t¾ú¥vªº¤jP½ü¹ø¡A¦ý¤p¤ßÀ˵ø¹ê»Úªº³Q°ÊÃä½tªº¤ô¨tÅã¥Ü¦³¬Û·í¦hªºÅܤơC¦b«D¬w³Q°ÊÃä½t¡A¥Dnªe¬y¨t²Î²`¤J¨äÃä½t¤W¼¸°Ï( marginal upwarps )¡F¦ý¦b¦L«×¦¸¤j³°¤W¡A¦bWestern Ghats ¤§°~®k¦èÁlªº¤ô¨t»P¦VªF¬yªº¤ô¨t¬O§¹¥þ¤À¶}ªº¡C³o¨âÓ¨t²Îªº¤À¤ôÀ¬°¤@¤jÂ_±V¡A¥¦¤j¦h®y¸¨¦bªuµÛ¦è®ü©¤Ãä½t100¤½¨½¤§¤º¡C¥Ñ©ó¦L«×ªºªF©¤¤]¬O³Q°ÊÃä½t¡A³oÓ¦¸¤j³°¤WÀ¸¼@©Êªº¤£¹ïºÙ¤ô¨t¥i¯à¬O¦]¬°¦è©¤ªº©ï¤Éµo¥Í¸û¦¤§¬G¡C
¿D¬wªF½t§ó¶i¤@¨Bªº´£¨Ñ¤F¤@Ó³Q°ÊÃä½t¤ô¨tºt¨|ªº¨Ò¤l¡C¦b¦¹¦a¡A¤À¤ôÀ¡]¤À¶}¦VªF¬y¦VTasman Seaªº·Ë¬y©M¦V¦è¬y¦V¿D¬w¤º³°ªº·Ë¬y¡^¨Ã¤£²Å¦X¤jPµo®i¨}¦nªº¤jÂ_±V( great escarpment )¡A¦Ó¬O®y¸¨¦b¥¦¥H¦è¤£µ¥ªº¶ZÂ÷³B¡C¦¹¥~¦³µý¾ÚÅã¥Ü¤j³°¤À¤ôÀ±q±ßº¥·s¥@¦Ü¦¤¤·s¥@¥H¨Ó¨Ã¨S¦³¥ô¦óÅãµÛªº¾î¦V²¾°Ê¡C«Ü©úÅ㪺¡Aªu³Q°ÊÃä½t¤§¤ô¨tºt¨|ªº¾ú¥v¦³³\¦hªºÅܤơA³o±N·|¬Oreconcile¤ô¨tºt¨|Åܲ§©Ê»P³Q°ÊÃä½tµo®iªº³yºc¼Ò¦¡¤§¬ã¨s¤W«nªº¬D¾Ô¡C
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